In the context of network requests, there are various types of exceptions that might occur beyond HTTP errors. Below is a list of potential exceptions with examples:

1. Network Connection Errors (ConnectionError)

These exceptions may occur when there is a problem with the network connection, such as being unable to connect to the server.

except requests.ConnectionError as e: 
    logging.error(f"Network connection error: {e}")

2. Timeout Exceptions (Timeout)

Timeout exceptions are raised when a request exceeds the predefined time limit without receiving a response.

except requests.Timeout as e: 
    logging.error(f"Request timed out: {e}")

3. URL Exceptions (InvalidURL)

URL exceptions occur when the provided URL is improperly formatted or cannot be resolved.

except requests.exceptions.InvalidURL as e: 
    logging.error(f"Invalid URL provided: {e}")

4. Interrupted Requests (RequestException)

This is a more general exception that captures other request-related errors not covered above.

python複製程式碼except requests.RequestException as e: 
    logging.error(f"An error occurred during the request: {e}")

5. JSON Parsing Exceptions (JSONDecodeError)

This exception is raised when the response body is not valid JSON, causing the JSON parser to fail.

except json.JSONDecodeError as e: 
    logging.error(f"Error decoding JSON data: {e}")

Improved Example Code

Integrating these considerations, we can write a more robust fetch_data function that handles a wide range of exceptions during network requests:

import requests
import logging
import json

# Configure logging
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.ERROR, format='%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')

def fetch_data(url):
    try:
        response = requests.get(url)
        response.raise_for_status()  # Trigger exceptions for HTTP errors
        return response.json()
    except requests.HTTPError as http_err:
        logging.error(f"HTTP error occurred: {http_err} - Status code: {response.status_code}")
    except requests.ConnectionError as conn_err:
        logging.error(f"Network connection error: {conn_err}")
    except requests.Timeout as timeout_err:
        logging.error(f"Request timed out: {timeout_err}")
    except requests.RequestException as req_err:
        logging.error(f"An error occurred during the request: {req_err}")
    except json.JSONDecodeError as json_err:
        logging.error(f"Error decoding JSON data: {json_err}")
    except Exception as err:
        logging.error(f"An unexpected error occurred: {err}")
    return None

Key Takeaways

This example demonstrates how to comprehensively handle various exceptions that may occur during network requests, ensuring the application can gracefully manage errors. Implementing such robust error-handling strategies is crucial for building reliable applications.