Python Tutorial (41) - math module

Time： 2024-09-19 Column：Python views：337

Python Math Module (2024)

The Python math module provides numerous mathematical functions for floating-point operations.

All functions under the math module return floating-point values unless otherwise specified.

If you need to calculate with complex numbers, use the same-named functions in the cmath module.

To use the math functions, you must first import the module:

import math

You can check the contents of the math module using the following command:

>>> import math
>>> dir(math)
['__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'acos', 'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atan2', 'atanh', 'ceil', 'comb', 'copysign', 'cos', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'dist', 'e', 'erf', 'erfc', 'exp', 'expm1', 'fabs', 'factorial', 'floor', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'fsum', 'gamma', 'gcd', 'hypot', 'inf', 'isclose', 'isfinite', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'isqrt', 'lcm', 'ldexp', 'lgamma', 'log', 'log10', 'log1p', 'log2', 'modf', 'nan', 'nextafter', 'perm', 'pi', 'pow', 'prod', 'radians', 'remainder', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh', 'tau', 'trunc', 'ulp']

Constants in the `math` Module

Constant	Description
`math.e`	Returns Euler's number (2.7182...)
`math.inf`	Returns positive infinity
`math.nan`	Returns NaN (not a number)
`math.pi`	π, representing the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter (3.1415...)
`math.tau`	Mathematical constant τ = 6.283185..., which is equal to 2π, representing the ratio of a circle's circumference to its radius.

Methods in the `math` Module

Method	Description
`math.acos(x)`	Returns the arc cosine of `x`, result between 0 and π.
`math.acosh(x)`	Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of `x`.
`math.asin(x)`	Returns the arc sine of `x`, result between -π/2 and π/2.
`math.asinh(x)`	Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of `x`.
`math.atan(x)`	Returns the arc tangent of `x`, result between -π/2 and π/2.
`math.atan2(y, x)`	Returns the arc tangent of `y/x`, result between -π and π.
`math.atanh(x)`	Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of `x`.
`math.ceil(x)`	Rounds `x` upwards to the nearest integer.
`math.comb(n, k)`	Returns the number of ways to choose `k` items from `n` without repetition and without order.
`math.copysign(x, y)`	Returns a float with the magnitude of `x` but the sign of `y`.
`math.cos(x)`	Returns the cosine of `x` radians.
`math.cosh(x)`	Returns the hyperbolic cosine of `x`.
`math.degrees(x)`	Converts angle `x` from radians to degrees.
`math.dist(p, q)`	Returns the Euclidean distance between points `p` and `q`. Points must have the same dimensions.
`math.erf(x)`	Returns the error function of `x`.
`math.erfc(x)`	Returns the complementary error function at `x`.
`math.exp(x)`	Returns `e` raised to the power of `x`.
`math.expm1(x)`	Returns `e^x - 1`, where `e` is Euler's number.
`math.fabs(x)`	Returns the absolute value of `x`.
`math.factorial(x)`	Returns the factorial of `x`. Raises a ValueError if `x` is not an integer or is negative.
`math.floor(x)`	Rounds `x` down to the nearest integer.
`math.fmod(x, y)`	Returns the remainder when `x` is divided by `y`.
`math.frexp(x)`	Returns the mantissa and exponent of `x` as a pair `(m, e)`.
`math.fsum(iterable)`	Returns the sum of all elements in an iterable as a floating-point number.
`math.gamma(x)`	Returns the gamma function value at `x`.
`math.gcd(a, b)`	Returns the greatest common divisor of integers `a` and `b`.
`math.hypot(*coordinates)`	Returns the Euclidean norm, `sqrt(sum(x**2 for x in coordinates))`.
`math.isclose(a, b)`	Returns `True` if `a` and `b` are close in value, otherwise `False`.
`math.isfinite(x)`	Returns `True` if `x` is finite, otherwise `False`.
`math.isinf(x)`	Returns `True` if `x` is infinite, otherwise `False`.
`math.isnan(x)`	Returns `True` if `x` is NaN (not a number), otherwise `False`.
`math.isqrt(x)`	Returns the integer square root of `x`.
`math.ldexp(x, i)`	Returns `x * (2**i)`. Essentially the inverse of `math.frexp()`.
`math.lgamma(x)`	Returns the natural logarithm of the absolute value of the gamma function at `x`.
`math.log(x[, base])`	Returns the logarithm of `x` to the given `base` (natural log if not specified).
`math.log10(x)`	Returns the base-10 logarithm of `x`.
`math.log1p(x)`	Returns the natural logarithm of `1+x`.
`math.log2(x)`	Returns the base-2 logarithm of `x`.
`math.perm(n, k=None)`	Returns the number of ways to choose `k` items from `n` with repetition and with order.
`math.pow(x, y)`	Returns `x` raised to the power of `y`.
`math.prod(iterable)`	Returns the product of all elements in an iterable.
`math.radians(x)`	Converts angle `x` from degrees to radians.
`math.remainder(x, y)`	Returns the remainder of `x / y`, following IEEE 754 standards.
`math.sin(x)`	Returns the sine of `x` radians.
`math.sinh(x)`	Returns the hyperbolic sine of `x`.
`math.sqrt(x)`	Returns the square root of `x`.
`math.tan(x)`	Returns the tangent of `x` radians.
`math.tanh(x)`	Returns the hyperbolic tangent of `x`.
`math.trunc(x)`	Returns the truncated integer value of `x`. Removes the decimal part.